Civil Engineering April 2022 | Vol 30 No 3

Civil Engineering April 2022 21 inundation zones. Based on an assessment of topography one can decide whether a flow is likely to be confined or unconfined by topography. If unconfined, the zone can be estimated from the worst-case scenario for such failures. If confined, an estimate of whether the release volume is greater than 1 Mm 3 is required. This can be obtained by matching pertinent geological and geographical aspects or assuming a worse case. Perennial rivers within the estimated zone will extend flows significantly, while further research may improve the prediction of this additional runout distance, assuming the worst appears best at present.  REFERENCES Ghahramani, N., Mitchell, A., Rana, N.M., McDougall, S., Evans, S.G. & Take, W.A. 2020. Tailings-flow runout analysis: examining the applicability of a semi-physical area–volume relationship using a novel database. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 20, 3425-3438.10.5194/nhess-20-3425-2020. Gildeh, H.K., Halliday, A., Arenas, A. & Zhang, H. 2020. Tailings dam breach analysis: A review of methods, practices, and uncertainties. Mine Water and the Environment, 40, 128-150.10.1007/ s10230-020-00718-2. Larrauri, P.C. & Lall, U. 2018. Tailings Dams Failures: Updated Statistical Model for Discharge Volume and Runout. Environments, 5, 28. Loots, D.P. & Coetzer, G. 2018. Estimation of breach volume for the construction of containment berm in South Africa. In: C.J., M. (ed.) 6th International Mining and Industrial Waste Management Conference. Limpopo: SAICE. Rana, N.M., Ghahramani, N., Evans, S.G., McDougall, S., Small, A. & Take, W.A. 2021. Catastrophic mass flows resulting from tailings impoundment failures. Engineering Geology, 292.10.1016/j. enggeo.2021.106262. Rico, M., Benito, G., Salgueiro, A., Díez-Herrero, A. & Pereira, H. 2008. Reported tailings dam failures: a review of the European incidents in the worldwide context. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 152, 846-852. Rourke, H. & Luppnow, D. 2015. The risks of excess water on tailings facilities and its application to dam-break studies. Proceedings of Tailings and Mine Waste Management for the 21st Century. Figure 2 TSF breach inundation zones (data from Rana et al. (2021)) AutoCAD ® World-Leading CAD Software WaterMate Water Reticulation Design SurfMate Survey & Digital Terrain Modelling AeroTURN Aircraft Movement & Space Analysis RebarMate Reinforced Concrete Detailing & Scheduling Autodesk Civil 3D ® Site Development & Transportation AutoTURN Vehicle Manoeuvre Simulation & Analysis DatumMate Datum Conversion of Drawings RoadMate Urban & Rural Road Design ParkCAD Automated Parking Area Layouts Architecture Engineering & Construction Collection PipeMate Sewer & Stormwater Design and Analysis