Civil Engineering October 2022 | Vol 30 No 9

Civil Engineering October 2022 37 porosimetry (MIP), chemical analysis using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mineralogical analysis using x-ray diffraction (XRD). FINDINGS From these analyses, the colour readings obtained are compared with newly pro- duced mortars to assess the compatibility between the two. The porosity properties, which play an important role in a mortar’s ability to allow water penetration into the masonry element, are also obtained and can be compared against new mortars. Considering the moisture problems experienced by some of the buildings on Robben Island, this property is considered critical to analyse. It is worth noting that impermeable mortar is desired for repairing historic buildings. The SEM and XRD results show the element compounds’ chemical com- position and the mortars’ mineralogical phases. These results help identify the type of binder used to produce the original mortars, guiding the search for restoration mortars. At the end of the analysis, the details of original raw materials are ob- tained, leading to a clear guideline for the search for new compatible repair mortars. CONCLUSION The analysis of original mortars is key to successful restoration projects, primarily for heritage buildings. This concept is yet to grow on the African continent. The success of heritage masonry restoration further depends on the design and development of compatible restoration materials. A straightforward procedure involving multidisciplinary fields is a necessary tool for guiding restoration practitioners through the sus- tainable restoration of historic masonries. Through this procedure, we could achieve optimum long-term restoration results that are economically sustainable.  REFERENCES Arito, P. 2018. Influence of Mix Design Parameters on Restrained Shrinkage Cracking in Non-Structural Concrete Patch Repair Mortars. PhD Thesis, University of Cape Town, South Africa. Arizzi, A. 2012. Design of ready-to-use rendering mortars for use in restoration work. PhD Thesis, University of Granada, Spain. Loke, M.E., Cultrone, G., & Kumar, P. 2022. Challenges in characterisation and development of suitable historic repair mortars. International Journal of Conservation Science (submitted). Loke, M.E., Kumar, P., & Haldenwang, R. 2020. Characterisation of heritage cementing materials for restoration purposes: A review. Journal of South African Institution of Civil Engineering, 62(1): 10–21. Loke, M.E., Kumar, P., & Haldenwang, R. 2021. Characterisation of historic mortars for compatible restoration – Case study of South Africa. 12th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historic Constructions (SAHC), 29 September–1 October 2021 [online]. Loke, M.E., Kumar, P., & Haldenwang, R. 2021. Determining the characteristics of Historical Mortars of the Castle of Good Hope (1666-1679) and Robben Island (1700-1800) by Cost- Effective Methods. South African Archaeological Bulletin , 76 (214): 79–87. Pile Driving Analyzer ® (PDA) • Calculate bearing capacity and assess structural integrity • Assess dynamic driving stresses and hammer performance • Complete with CAPWAP ® , GRLWEAP14, and iCAP ® software, as well as PDIPLOT to summarize results To learn more about the PDA, visit www.pile.com. iCAP ® Software Results