Civil Engineering September 2021 | Vol 29 No 8

Civil Engineering September 2021 49 Q Q Intelligent compaction control technology or direct measurement of engineering parameters like effective elastic moduli with non-destructive testing devices like lightweight falling weight deflectometer devices are obvious areas in need of develop- ment. This direct measurement of real engineering parameters versus indirect measurement of density or the continued use of empirical mate- rial parameters like the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) has obvious advantages. The resistance to change may be linked to the phenomena of the QWERTY keyboard on computers. It is anachronistically linked to me- chanical typewriters but became en- trenched in IT practice as a norm and is sustained in a dominant industry position by natural human resistance to change. Q Q The advantage of a linear asset for solar energy harvesting via solar panels in road reserves etc. was once punted as a futuristic aspirational ambition. Lately that technology has developed so fast that Eskom is already suffering from a loss of economies of scale. The signs are also clear that technology breakthroughs in battery and energy storage technology are eminent which makes this a subject area ripe for technology disruption. This list is not meant to be exhaustive, but to indicate that there is ignorance in other areas we have not yet looked at, and which may have real blue sky or Black Swan pos- sibilities for technology disruption. REFERENCES 1 David Dunning. 2011. The Dunning- Kruger Effect: On being Ignorant of One’s Own Ignorance Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Volume 44, 2001, pp 247-296. See : https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Dunning-Kruger_effect . 2 Gladwell, M. 2008. Outliers. Little, Brown and Company. See: https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Outliers_(book) . 3 Smithson, M. 1990. Ignorance and Uncertainty. eBooks by Springer Archives. ISBN 978-1-4612-3628-3. 4 Proctor, RN. 1995. Preface to: Agnotology: The Making and Unmaking of Ignorance: Agnotology: The Missing Term to Describe the Cultural Production of Ignorance (and Its Study). 5 Roberts, J. 2009. From Knowledge Management to Ignorance Management, University of South Hampton. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/228782478 . 6 Kuhn, TS. 1962. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 7 Proctor, RN. 1995. Agnotology: The Making and Unmaking of Ignorance . Co- edited with Londa Schiebinger. 8 Barton, A. and Davis, H. 2018. Ignorance, Power and Harm: Agnotology and The Criminological Imagination. ISBN 978-3-319-97343-2. 9 Science and the production of ignorance: When the quest for knowledge is thwarted. Edited by Kourny, J. and Martin, C. Cambridge MA. MIT Press. 2020. 10 Available: https://www.businesslive.co.za/ bd/national/2021-08-12-ramaphosa- defends-ancs-cadre-deployment-policy . 11 Lawless, A. 2005. Numbers & Needs: Addressing Imbalances in the Civil Engineering Profession. SAICE, Midrand. AND Lawless, A. 2007. Numbers & Needs in Local Government: Addressing Civil Engineering – The Critical Profession for Service Delivery. SAICE, Midrand 12 Horak, E. 2002. Where is the next generation? AND The small school Pool. SABITA Digest. 13 Horak, E., Fricke, I., Meyer, L. and van Lingen, N. 2006. Lessons from a mathematics and science intervention programme in Tshwane township schools. Centre for Research on Engineering Education (CREE) Conference, University of Pretoria. 14 Horak, E. and Fricke, I. 2006. Observations from an intervention programme in secondary township schools in the Tshwane area to address the maths and science crisis. South African Journal of Higher Education (SAJHE). 15 Howie, S. 2002. English proficiency and contextual factors influencing mathematics achievement of secondary school pupils in South Africa. PhD Thesis, University of Twente, Netherland. 16 Hartfort, T. 2011. Positive Black Swans. How to fund research so that it generates insanely great ideas, not pretty good ones. Available: https://slate.com/ business/2011/05/tim-harford-s- adapt-how-to-fund-research-so-that- it-generates-insanely-great-ideas-not- pretty-good-ones.html . 17 Harford, T. 2016. Messy: The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives. 18 Taleb, NN. 2010. The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable. https:// www.amazon.com/Black-Swan- Improbable-Robustness-Fragility/ dp/081297381X . 19 Wong, RYC. 2017. Black Swans and Disorders. Hong Kong Economic Journal on 4 January 2017. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/349138358_Black_Swans_ and_Disorders .